Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis
Liver Cancer
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Book Description
This fifth volume of the series, Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, discusses in detail the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Liver Cancer. Both standard and emerging therapies for this cancer, written by expert oncologists/pathologists in this field, are included. This fully illustrated volume: Is divided into 7 sections: Applications of Imaging, Resectable Liver Cancer, Unresectable Liver Cancer, Hepatocellular Cancer, Liver Colorectal Metastasis, Biliary Cancer, and Splenic Cancer. Discusses imaging modalities for diagnosis, treatment assessment, and prognosis. Includes descriptions of radial magnetic resonance imaging, helical computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, FDG-PET, contrast-enhanced sonography, multidetector-row computed tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography. Presents imaging methods for localized fibrous tumors of the liver, abdominal neoplasms, cholangiocarcinoma, gall bladder carcinoma, hepatic cellular carcinoma, extrahepatic disease, intrahepatic disease, focal liver lesions, biliary cystic tumors, extra hepatic bile duct carcinoma, and splenic metastases. Highlights methods for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with thalidomide and transarterial treatment of hepatic malignancies. Discusses postoperative interferon alpha treatment of patients with HCC. Details the methods of immunohistochemistry, tissue microarray, and proteomic analysis for diagnosis and prognosis. The technological advances presented in this volume are expected to expedite new discoveries and their translation to clinical practice. The field of oncology will benefit the most from these advanced methods, as a combination of therapies and personalized medicine will improve early detection of liver cancer and other cancer types. Professor Hayat has summarized the problems associated with the complexities of research publications and has been successful in editing a must-read volume for oncologists, cancer researchers, medical teachers and students of cancer biology.
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Table of Contents
DIAGNOSIS 1. APPLICATIONS OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN LIVER IMAGING: AN OVERVIEW; Amir. H. Khandani INTRODUCTIONMETASTATIC LIVER DISEASECHOLANGIOCARCINOMAGALL BLADDER CARCINOMAHEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMATHERAPY MONITORINGREFERENCES 2. LOCALIZED FIBROUS TUMOR OF THE LIVER: IMAGING FEATURES; Thomas Moser and Tereza S. Nogueira INTRODUCTIONMETHODS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES 3. A RADIAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING METHOD FOR IMAGING ABDOMINAL NEOPLASMS; Maria I. Altbach INTRODUCTIONTECHNIQUES FOR T2-WEIGHTED IMAGINGLESION CHARACTERIZATION WITH T2-WEIGHTED IMAGINGRADIAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING METHODS: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR REDUCING MOTION ARTIFACTS AND IMPROVING IMAGE QUALITYRADIAL FAST SPIN-ECHO, A NEW ALTERNATIVE FOR T2 MAPPING OF THE LIVER CONCLUSIONREFERENCES 4. LIVER: HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; Yuji Baba, Yasuyuki Yamashita, Kazuo Awai and Koichi Kawanaka INTRODUCTIONDYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY USING MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYTumors Arising in Liver CirrhosisTumor Arising in Noncirrhotic Liver or in Oncologic PatientsCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHYComputed Tomography During Arterial ProtographyComputed Tomography During Hepatic AngiographyMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGDynamic Magnetic Resonance ImagingSupraparamagnetic Iron OxideREFERENCES RESECTABLE LIVER CANCER DIAGNOSIS 5. SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR RESECTION OF HEPATIC COLORECTAL METASTASES: 18F- FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE/POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; Rebecca Auer and Yuman Fong INTRODUCTIONPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCANNING AS A STAGING MODALITY TO COMPLEMENT CONVENTIONAL IMAGINGPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCAN FOR THE DETECTION OF EXTRAHEPATIC DISEASEPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCAN FOR THE DETECTION OF INTRAHEPATIC DISEASEVALUE OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) CORRELATED TO PROGNOSTIC CLINICAL RISK SCORE (CRS)POSITIVE IMPACT OF POSITRON EMISSION (PET) ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LIVER METASTASESNEGATIVE IMPACT OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LIVER METASTASESOUTCOME OF PATIENTS SELECTED FOR HEPATIC RESECTION FOLLOWING [18F]FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE-POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (FDG-PET)STANDARD UPTAKE (SUV) AND PREDICTING PROGNOSIS OR RESPONSE TO THERAPYPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCANNING FOR SURVEILLANCE AND FOLLOW-UPTHE ROLE OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPGY (PET) IN FOLLOW-UP POST HEPATIC RESECTIONALGORITHM TO INCLUDE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCANNING IN WORK-UP OF HEPATIC COLORECTAL METASTASESREFERENCES TREATMENT 6. ULTRASONOGRAPHY DURING LIVER SURGERY; Guido Torzilli INTRODUCTIONHEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMACOLORECTAL CANCER LIVER METASTASESTumor LocationResection Guidance and Hepatocellular CarcinomaSystematic SegmentectomyPuncture of the Portal BranchHooking of the Portal BranchComparison of the Portal BranchLimited ResectionParenchymal DissectionPostresectional ControlLIVER METASTASESDefinition of the Resection AreaLiver Dissection and Postresectional ControlREFERENCES UNRESECTABLE LIVER CANCER TREATMENT 7. INTRAOPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF HEPATIC TUMORS; Oliver F. Bathe and Houman Mahallati INTRODUCTIONRADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION AS A TREATMENT FOR LIVER TUMORSPrinciples of Radiofrequency Ablation IndicationOutcomes Associated with Radiofrequency AblationAlternative Ablative TechniquesPROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MONITORING THE ABLATION ENDPOINTImpedence and TemperatureUltrasound DEFINING THE EXTENT OF THERMAL INJURY BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGMagnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Thermal InjuryEnhancing the Definition of Extent of Thermal InjuryPotential Utility of Functional Magnetic Resonance ImagingINTRAOPERTIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AS AN ADJUNCT TO RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATIONRationaleTechnical DevlopmentsPotential IndicationsConduct of Introperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for RadiofrequencyAblationFuture DevelopmentsREFERENCES 8. SURGICALLY UNRESECTABLE AND CHEMOTHERAPY- REFRACTORY METASTATIC LIVER CARCINOMA: TREATMENT WITH YTTRIUM-90 MICROSPHERE FOLLOWED BY ASSESSMENT WITH POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; Ching-Yee Oliver Wong INTRODUCTIONASSESSMENT USING POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHYY-90 MICROSPHERE RADIOEMBOLZATIONCLINICAL RESULTSREFERENCES PROGNOSIS 9. UNRESECTABLE LIVER METASTASES FROM COLORECTAL CANCER: METHODOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS WITH RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; Junji Machi INTRODUCTIONMETHODOLOGY OF RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATIONPROGNOSIS USING RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION: OUR STUDYPatients and MethodsUnresectability of TumorsPreoperative and Intraoperative EvaluationRadiofrequency Ablation MethodsPostoperative Follow-UpShort-Term ResultsLong-Term ResultsCURRENT ROLE OF RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION FUTURE PERSPECTIVEREFERENCESHEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA DIAGNOSIS 10. SCREENING WITH ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF PATIENTS AT HIGH-RISK FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: THROMBOCYTOPENIA AS A VALID SURROGATE OF CIRRHOSIS; Sheng-Nan Lu, Jing-Houng Wang, Kwong-Ming Kee, and Po-Lin Tseng INTRODUCTIONEpidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver CirrhosisBENEFIT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SCREENINGREFERENCES 11. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: CONTRAST-ENHANCED SONOGRAPHY; Byung Ihn Choi and Se Hyung Kim INTRODUCTIONPHYSICS OF MICROBUBBLESCONTRAST-ENHANCED COLOR DOPPLER SONOGRAPHYCONTRAST-ENHANCED POWER DOPPLER SONOGRAPHYCONTRAST-ENHANCED HARMONIC POWER DOPPLER SONOGRAPHYCONTRAST-ENHANCED PULSE-INVERSION HARMONIC SONOGRAPHYCONTRAST-ENHANCED CODED HARMONIC SONOGRAPHYCONTRAST-ENHANCED AGENT DETECTION IMAGINGLOW MECHANICAL INDEX IMAGINGCONTRAST-ENHANCED SONOGRAPHY IN ASSESSING THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAREFERENCES 12. FOCAL LIVER LESION: NONLINEAR CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IMAGING; Vincenzo Migaleddu and Giuseppe Virgilio INTRODUCTIONHARMONIC IMAGING: BASIC PRINCIPLESPHYSICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUNDNONLINEAR CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF FOCAL LIVER LESIONSCHARACTERIZATION OF FOCAL LIVER LESIONSEnhancement Patterns of Benign Focal LesionsFocal Nodular HyperplasiaFATTY LIVERREGENERATIVE NODULECYSTADENOMAABSCESSINFLAMMATORY PSEUDO TUMORSENHANCEMENT PATTERNS OF MALIGNANT FOCAL LESIONSDysplastic Nodule, Early and AdvancedHepatocellular LesionsLIVER METASTASESHypovascular Metastases Hypervascular MetastasesCholangiocarcinomaRARE MALIGNANT NEOPLASMDETECTION OF FOCAL LIVER LESIONSINCIDENTAL DETECTION OF HEPATIC FOCAL LESIONSTAGING AND FOLLOW-UP OF ONCOLOGIC PATIENTSSURVEILLANCE FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAMONITORING OF PERCUTANEOUS ABLATIVE TREATMENT CONCLUSIONREFERENCES 13. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; Bachir Taouli INTRODUCTION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING TECHNIQUEMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING APPEARANCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAGADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING TISSUE-SPECIFIC CONTRAST AGENTS ATYPICAL APPEARANCES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMANEW PERSPECTIVES REFERENCES 14. EXPRESSION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: CORRELATION WITH RADIOLOGIC FINDINGS; Masayuki Kanematsu, Richard C. Semelka, and Shinji Osada INTRODUCTIONHISTORY OF RIOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMADEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR, ITS VASCULATURE, AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSIONCORRELATION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION AND RADIOLOGIC FINDINGS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN PRIOR REPORTSOUR PREVIOUS RESEARCH WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND COMPUTED TOMOGRPAHIC DATA CORRELATED TO VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOTTINGREFERENCES 15. DETECTION OF SMALL HEPATIC LESION: SUPER PARAMAGNETIC OXIDE-ENHANCED DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED T2 FSE IMAGING; Shigeru Kiryu and Kuni Ohtomo INTRODUCTIONSUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGDIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING FOR SUPPRESSION OF SIGNAL FROM HEPATIC VESSELSPERIODICALLY ROTATED OVERLAPPING PARALLEL LINES WITH ENHANCED RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUESPIO-ENHANCED DW1 T2 FSE IMAGING USING PROPELLER REFERENCES 16. DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: MULTIDETECTOR-ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; Hiromitsu Onishi, Takamichi Murakami, and Hironobu Nakamura INTRODUCTIONMULTIDETECTOR-ROW HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY The Scanning TechniqueCONTRAST ADMINISTRATION FOR DYNAMIC MULTIDETECTOR-ROW HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYAdministration Dose of Contrast MaterialIodine Concentration of Contrast MaterialInjection Flow Rate and Duration of Contrast MaterialOPTICAL SCANNING DELAYScanning TimingImage ProcessingMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGMagnetic Resonance Scanning TechniqueContrast-Enhanced Dynamic Magnetic Resonance ImagingTissue-Specific Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance ImagingCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING FEATURES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA Computer Tomographic AngiographyMagnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Hepatocellular CarcinomaSuperparamagnetic Iron Oxide-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance ImagingFeatures of Hepatocellular CarcinomaStaging of Hepatocellular CarcinomaAccuracy for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular CarcinomaHepatocellular Carcinoma After Transcatherter Arterial ChemoembolizationHepatocellular Carcinoma After Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation TherapyLIMITATIONS, PROSPECTS AND SUMMARYREFERENCES 17. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: EFFECT OF INJECTION-RATE/INJECTION-DURATION OF CONTRAST MATERIAL ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; Tomoaki Ichikawa and Tsutomu Araki INTRODUCTIONFIXED INJECTION RATE AND INJECTION DURATION OF CONTRAST MATERIALFixed Injection Rate of Contrast MaterialFixed Injection Duration of Contrast MaterialREFERENCES 18. DETECTION OF COMBINED HEPATOCELLULAR AND CHOLANGIOCARCINOMAS: ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; Akihiro Nishie and Yoshimitsu Kengo INTRODUCTIONPATHOGENESISENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGSREFERENCES 19. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA (DYSPLASTIC NODULES): DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY/ ANGIOGRAPHY; Kenichi Takayasu INTRODUCTIONCLASSIFICATION OF NODULAR HEPATOCELLULAR LESIONSPATHOLOGY OF ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA, ATYPICAL ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA, EARLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, AND NODULE-IN NODULE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAMULTISTEP PROGRESSION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS NEEDLE BIOPSYMETHODS OF MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYMETHODS OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY/ ANGIOGRAPHYCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF ADVANCEDHEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMACOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF EARLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMACOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA AND TYPICAL ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF NODULE-IN-NODULE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMANATURAL OUTCOME OF HYPOATTENUATING NODULAR LESIONSCRITICAL CONSIDERATION TO TREAT HYPOATTENUATING LESIONSREFERENCES 20. HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS: RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING; Francesca Lodato, N. Davies, D. Yu, and Andrew K. Burroughs INTRODUCTIONTHE EASL CONSENSUS STATEMENTS AND AASLD GUIDELINESSURVEILLANCE FOR HCC: RADIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUESULTRASONOGRAPHY (US), DOPPLER-ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRPAHYSPIRAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGTHE PROBLEM OF SMALL NODULESCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES TREATMENT 21. TREATMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH THALIDOMIDE: ASSESSMENT WITH POWER DOPPLER ULTRASOUND; Chiun Hsu, Chiung-Nien Chen, and Ann-Lii Cheng SUMMARYINTRODUCTIONEVALUATION OF TUMOR VASCULARITY USING POWER DOPPLER SONOGRAPHYEVALUATION OF VASCULAR RESPONSE OF HCC TO THALIDOMIDE WITH POWER DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY: A PERSPECTIVE STUDY FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF IMAGING FOR EVALUATION OF ANTIANGIOGENESIS THERAPYREFERENCES 22. PERFUSION SCINTIGRAPHY WITH INTEGRATED SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TRANSARTERIAL TREATMENT OF HEPATIC MALIGNANCIES; Timm Denecke, Bert Hildebrandt, and Enrique Lopez-Hänninen INTRODUCTIONCURRENT STATUS OF HEPATIC ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIOEMBOLIZATIONIntraarterial ChemotherapyTransrectal RadioembolizationTECHNIQUE OF TRANSARTERIAL TREATMENTHepatic Arterial Infusion ChemotherapyRadioembolizationVISUALIZATION OF PERFUSION TERRITORIES OF HEPATIC INTRAARTERIAL CATHETERS IN PLANNING AND CONTROL OF TRANSARTERIAL TREATMENTImaging TechniquesSingle Photon Emission Computed Tomography with Integrated Computed TomographyImage AnalysisTherapeutic ConsequencesDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES 23. POSTOPERATIVE INTERFERON ALPHA TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: EXPRESSION OF p48 USING TISSUE MICROARRAY; Hui-Chuan Sun INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue Microarray and ImmunohistochemistryScoring of p48 ImmunohistochemistyStatistical AnalysisRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES PROGNOSIS 24. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: OVEREXPRESSION OF HOMEOPROTEIN SIX 1 AS A MARKER FOR PREDICTING SURVIVAL; Kevin Tak-Pan Ng and Kwan Man INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSCell linesClinical samplesReverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain ReactionWestern BlotStatistical AnalysisRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES 25. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: KISS-1 OVEREXPRESSION AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR; Katharina Schmid, Isabella Mosberger, and Fritz Wrba INTRODUCTIONMATERIALSMETHODSImmunohistochemistryRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES 26. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: PROGNOSIS USING HEPATOMA- DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; Hideji Nakamura, Kenya Yoshida, and Yasuhiko Tomita HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR Developmentally regulated expression of Hepatoma-Derived Growth FactorRole in Hepatocarcinogenesis Role in Cancer Progression and AngiogenesisIMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODSMaterialsMethodEVALUATION OF HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAPROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA REFERENCES 27. HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: PREDICTIVE MARKERS USING PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS (METHODOLOGY); Yasuhiro Kuramitsu and Kazuyuki Nakamura HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PROTEOMICSPROTEOMICS FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA TISSUESProteomics for sera from Hepatocellular Carcinoma PatientsProteomics for Hepatitis C Virus-Related Hepatocellular CarcinomaTissues (Methods)Increased Protein ExpressionDecreased Protein ExpressionPROTEOMICS FOR AUTO-ANTIBODIES IN THE SERA OF HEPATOCELLULAR PATIENTSREFERENCES METASTASES DIAGNOSIS 28. LIVER METASTASES FROM COLORECTAL CANCER: ULTRASOUND IMAGING; Sóren R. Rafaelsen INTRODUCTIONULTRASOUND SCANNING TECHNIQUESADVANTAGES OF DIAGNOSTIC HEPATIC ULTRASOUNDGRAYSCALE ECHO PATTERNDETECTION OF LIVER METASTASESDOPPLER FLOW PATTERNULTRASOUND IN POSTOPERATIVE FOLLOW-UPFUTURE ADVANCEMENTSREFERENCES 29. PRECLINICAL LIVER METASTASES: THREE- DIMENSIONAL HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND FOR IMAGING; Kevin C. Graham, Lauren A. Wirtzfeld, James C. Lacefield and Ann F. Chambers INTRODUCTIONMETHD: HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUNDHIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF PRECLINICAL LIVER METASTASESOTHER APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND IMAGING TO PRECLINICAL CANCER RESEARCHFUTURE DEVELOPMENTS- ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENTSREFERENCES 30. COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASES: 18F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; François-René Pruvot, Stéphanie Truant, and Damien Huglo INTRODUCTIONPRINCIPLE OF FDG-PET AND GENERAL PITFALLSCOLORECTAL LIVER METASTASES: YIELD OF 18FLUORO- DEOXYGLUCOSE-POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHYPreoperative staging of patients with colorectal liver metastasesImpact of FDG-PET Findings on Patient’s ManagementPostoperative follow-up after resection of colorectal liver metastases and rising Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)FDG-PET for monitoring the response to systemic oR regional therapy of colorectal liver metastasesAnticancer systemic therapy Regional therapies CONCLUSIONREFERENCES BILIARY CANCER DIAGNOSIS 31. BILIARY CYSTIC TUMORS: CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES; Yasuni Nakanuma, Hiroko Ikeda, Yasunori Sato, Kenichi Harada, Koichi Nakamura, and Yoh Zen INTRODUCTIONANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE BILIARY TREENON-NEOPLASTIC BLIARY CYSTIC LESIONSPeribiliary CystsHepatic Foregut CystsBiliary HamartomaBILIARY CYSTIC NEOPLASMHepatobiliary Cystadenoma and CystadenocarcinomaIntraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile DuctOther Types of Neoplastic Cystic CiseaseREFERENCES 32. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: INTRADUCTAL SONOGRAPHY; Kazuo Inui, Hironao Miyoshi, and Junji Yoshino INTRODUCTIONMETHODSInstrumentationInsert methodsIndicationsIMAGES AND CLINICAL UTILITYIntraductal SonographyThree-Dimensional Intraductal SonographyDual Plane Reconstruction ImagesOblique Reconstruction ImagesDiagnostic Accuracy for Cancer ExtensionVolume Measurement of TumorsDISCUSSIONREFERENCES PROGNOSIS 33. EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT CARCINOMA: ROLE OF P53 PROTEIN; Alex I. Zaika and Seung-Mo Hong INTRODUCTIONEpidemiologyEtiologyDiagnosisPathologyPrognosisRole of p53 in malignant tumors of the bile duct Analysis of p53 mutations Roles of p73 and p63 in malignant tumors of the bile ductAnalyses of p63 and p73 in tumorsREFERENCES 34. EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT CARCINOMA: MUCIN 4, A POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTOR; Michiyo Higashi, Shugo Tamada, Kohji Nagata, Masamichi Goto, and Suguru Yonezawa INTRODUCTIONMUCIN CHARACTERISTICSMUC 4 MUCINANTIBODIES AGAINST MUC 4MUC 1 MUCINANTIBODIES AGAINST MUC 1 METHODSTissue Sample ManagementImmunohistochemistryREFERENCES TREATMENT 35. HILAR CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND STENTING; Marcus Wiedmann, Joachim Mössner, and Helmut Witzigmann SUMMARYINTRODUCTIONPREOPERATIVE BILIARY DRAINAGEPALLIATIVE BILE DUCT STENTINGPALLIATIVE STENTING OF MALIGNANT DUODENAL OBSTRUCTIONPHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (PDT)Mechanism of ActionContraindications for Photodynamic TherapyPhotosensitizersPhotodynamic Therapy of Hilar CholangiocarcinomaPhotodynamic Therapy for Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Treatment of Hilar CholangiocarcinomaFuture Directions of Photodynamic Therapy for Hilar CholangiocarcinomaREFERENCESSPLENIC CANCERDIAGNOSIS 36. SPLENIC METASTASES: DIAGNOSTIC METHODS; Eva Compérat and Frédéric Charlotte INTRODUCTIONEPIDEMIOLOGYPATHOLOGIC FEATURESPATHOGENESISCLINICAL FEATURESDIAGNOSTIC FEATURESDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISREFERENCES
