The Developing Child
Plus MyDevelopment Lab Access Card: International Edition
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- College/higher education
Book Description
The Developing Child gives students the tools they require to organize, retain and apply information from the broad field of child psychology, while offering balanced coverage of theory and application, with a strong emphasis on culture. KEY TOPICS: Prenatal Development; Birth and Early Infancy; Physical Development; Perceptual Development; Cognitive Development; Development of Language; Personality Development; Development of Social Relationships; Family System; Atypical Development. For individuals seeking to understand to better understand children.
New Features
Chapter 1
- New vignette discusses John Watson's controversial views on child-rearing
- New section discusses normative age-graded, normative history-graded, and nonnormative changes.
- New table summarizes the various research methods covered in the chapter.
- Thinking about Research: Responding to Media Reports of Research
- Developmental Science in the Real World:Helping Children Who Are Afraid to Go to School.
Chapter 2
- New vignette examines what happens when two sperm fertilize a single ovum
- Updated discussions include genomic imprinting, fetal brain development, HIV/AIDS, prescription/over-the-counter drugs, maternal weight-consciousness during pregnancy, and impact of maternal age on fetal development.
- New images highlight insights into prenatal development that have been gained through the use of new technologies, including a 3-dimensional sonogram of fetal yawning, a graph showing correlations between fetal brain development and fetal behavior, and an MRI of a fetal brain.
- New text discusses viability, neuronal proliferation, neuronal migration
- Thinking about Research: Assisted Reproductive Technology
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Fetal Assessment and Treatment
Chapter 3
- New coverage of Esther Thelen's dynamic systems theory of infant reflex and motor development and ethnic differences in early prenatal care.
- New text discusses antibiotic resistance and otitis media
- Thinking about Research: Variations in Infants' Cries
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Breast or Bottle?
Chapter 4
- New vignette on a waterskiing toddler examines how maturational and experiential elements work together to influence development.
- New coverage includes the prefrontal cortex, stabilization of the growth curve, transgendered teens, and the impact of handedness on development.
- Expanded and updated coverage includes STDs, the influence of diet on secular trends in age at menarche and secondary sex characteristic development, and excessive weight gain in childhood.
- New tables show drugs abused by adolescents and the environmental factors associated with poverty and health
- Thinking about Research: Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect
- Developmental Science in the Real World: A Good Night's Sleep for Kids (and Parents, Too!)
Chapter 5
- New chapter-opening vignette discussing a young child’s version of the Pledge of Allegiance helps readers grasp the distinction between sensation and perception
- New coverage of stereopsis, binocular fusion, and amblyopia
- Thinking about Research: Langlois's Studies of Babies' Preferences for Attractive Faces
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Infant Responses to Maternal Depression
Chapter 6
- New chapter-opening vignette examines what happens when children at different ages – and different Piagetian stages – play a board game together.
- New coverage includes figurative and operative schemes, centration and decentration, relational complexity, seriation, and transitivity, response inhibition, and memory strategies.
- Thinking about Research: Elkind's Adolescent Egocentrism
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Leading Questions and Children's Memory
Chapter 7
- New sections include one on creativity and another on the relationship between family characteristics and IQ scores.
- New information on IQ scores of "virtual" twins and new information on group IQ tests.
- New figures compare correlations of IQ scores of people of different degrees of biological relations and show correlations of identical and fraternal twins from birth to adulthood
- New terms include reliability, validity, shared environment, nonshared environment, creativity, and divergent thinking
- Thinking about Research: The Flynn Effect
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Stereotype Threat
Chapter 8
- Expanded coverage includes the different types of reading instruction (i.e. systematic and explicit phonics, whole language, and the balanced approach).
- Thinking about Research: Sign Language and Gestures in Children Who Are Deaf
- Developmental Science in the Real World: One Language or Two?
Chapter 9
- Reorganized discussion of the Big Five and temperament
- New discussion of reciprocal determinism
- Thinking about Research: Locus of Control and Adolescent Health
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Temperament Surgency in the Toddler Classroom
Chapter 10
- New figure illustrates changes in sex-role rigidity/flexibility across age
- Thinking about Research: Gender Differences in Temperament: Real or Imagined?
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Adolescent Rites of Passage Programs
Chapter 11
- New vignette about the "Lost Boys of Sudan"
- Added internal working models to discussion of attachment theory
- New discussion of romantic relationships among homosexual teens
- Thinking about Research: Bullies and Victims
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Raising Helpful and Altruistic Children
Chapter 12
- Thinking about Research: Preventing Violence by Increasing Children's Emotional Competence
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Learning and Unlearning Prejudice
Chapter 13
- Expanded discussion of systems theory includes Belsky's model of the family
- New discussion the role played by mirror neurons in family influences on individual development
- Cohabiting heterosexual parents, blended families, extended families, and gay and lesbian families included in discussion of family structure
- Thinking about Research: To Spank or Not to Spank
- Developmental Science in the Real World: When Divorce is Unavoidable
Chapter 14
- Revamped discussion of nonparental care
- New section on models of early childhood education and association between early schooling and socioeconomic status
- New section on elementary education
- New text and figures illustrating the impact of schooling on cognitive development
- Added discussion entertainment media, computers, and electronic multitasking
- Expanded and reorganized discussion of poverty
- Thinking about Research: The Effects of Teenaged Employment
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Choosing a Child Care Center
Chapter 15
- New vignette addresses ability of teens with anorexia to hide the disorder from parents
- New discussion and summary table of theoretical perspectives on atypical development
- Added coverage of oppositional defiant disorder
- New text and table address ethnic group differences in diagnosis and treatment of ADHD
- New table illustrates categories of mental retardation
- Expanded discussion of research on vaccines and autism
- Developmental Science in the Real World: Knowing When to Seek Professional Health
- Thinking about Research: Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Epilogue
- Neurological development added to milestone tables for all age periods
Features
- Topical organization.
- A conversational style of writing engages students in child development on a personal level.
- An integrated emphasis on cultural variation frequently contrasts collectivist and individualistic cultural systems.
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives, paired with one of the subsections of the chapter, are introduced on the first page of the chapter. The Learning Objectives reappear in the margin next to their corresponding chapter sub-section, and in the end-of-chapter summary. The Learning Objectives (described above) help students organize and retain the material as they read the textbook by informing them of the key information they are expected to take away from that section of the chapter. The Learning Objectives help you, instructor assess student learning outcomes because they are tied to each of the test items in the accompany test bank.
Vignettes Each chapter begins with a compelling vignette, which engages readers’ interest in the chapter’s topic.
Margin Glossary All boldfaced terms in the text are defined in the margins as well as in a glossary at the end of the book.
- Developmental Science in the Real World Every chapter includes a boxed discussion of the application of scientific knowledge to a practical question. The intent of these discussions is to show students not only that it is possible to study applied questions with scientific methods, but also that all the theory and research they are reading about may have some relevance to their own lives. To facilitate this goal, each Developmental Science in the Real World box begins with a brief vignette about a parenting issue and ends with questions for reflection, which encourage readers to apply the ideas in the box to that issue.
Thinking About Research Every chapter includes a boxed discussion of a particularly important study or series of studies. Each Research Report ends with two questions for critical analysis, which encourage readers to critically evaluate the findings presented in the box.
Think Critically Questions The critical thinking questions at the end of the chapter encourage students to relate information in the text to their own personal experiences
- Conduct Your Own Research Each chapter ends with a feature that gives readers instructions for either replicating the findings of a developmental study in an informal way or finding out more about a specific topic.
Summary Summaries are organized by major chapter heading and include bulleted entries summarizing the information that follows each subheading.
Table of Contents
Part 1: Introduction
1 Basic Issues in the Study of Development
Issues in the Study of Development
Two Key Questions
Influences on Development
The Ecological Perspective
Vulnerability and Resilience
Three Kinds of Change
Theories of Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
Cognitive Theories
Learning Theories
Comparing Theories
Finding the Answers: Research Designs and Methods
The Goals of Developmental Science
Studying Age-Related Changes
Descriptive Methods
Experimental Methods
Cross-Cultural Research
Research Ethics
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT Research: Responding to Media Reports of Research
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN The Real World: Helping Children Who Are Afraid to Go to School
THE NEXT STEP
PART 2: The Beginnings of Life
2 Prenatal Development
Conception and Genetics
The Process of Conception
Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
Development from Conception to Birth
The Stages of Prenatal Development
Sex Differences in Prenatal Development
Prenatal Behavior
Problems in Prenatal Development
Genetic Disorders
Chromosomal Errors
Teratogens: Maternal Diseases
Teratogens: Drugs
Other Teratogens and Maternal Factors
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT Research: Assisted Reproductive Technology
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN The Real World: Fetal Assessment and Treatment
THE NEXT STEP
3 Birth and Early Infancy
Birth
Birth Choices
The Process of Birth
Low Birth Weight
Behavior in Early Infancy
Reflexes and Behavioral States
Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Abilities
Learning
Temperament and Social Skills
Health and Wellness in Early Infancy
Nutrition, Health Care, and Immunizations
Illnesses
Infant Mortality
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT Research Variations in Infants’ Cries
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN The real world Breast or Bottle?
PART 3: The Physical Child
4 Physical Development
The Brain and Nervous System
Growth Spurts
Synaptic Development
Myelination
Lateralization
Size, Shape, and Skills
Growth
Bones, Muscles, and Fat
Using the Body
The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
Hormones
Sequence of Changes in Girls and Boys
The Timing of Puberty
Sexual Behavior in Adolescence
Prevalence of Sexual Behavior
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Teenage Pregnancy
Sexual Minority Youth
Health and Wellness
Health in Childhood
Excessive Weight Gain
Poverty and Children’s Health
Risky Behavior in Adolescence
Mortality
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT Research Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN The real world A Good Night’s Sleep for Kids (and Parents, Too!)
5 Perceptual Development
Thinking about Perceptual Development
Ways of Studying Early Perceptual Skills
Explanations of Perceptual Development
Sensory Skills
Seeing
Hearing and Other Senses
Perceptual Skills
Looking
Listening
Combining Information from Several Senses
Ignoring Perceptual Information
The Object Concept
Object Perception
Object Permanence
Perception of Social Signals
Early Discrimination of Emotional Expressions
Cross-Cultural Commonalities and Variations
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Langlois’s Studies of Babies’ Preferences for Attractive Faces
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Infant Responses to Maternal Depression
PART 4 The Thinking Child
6 Cognitive Development I: Structure and Process
Piaget’s Basic Ideas
Schemes
Adaptation
Causes of Cognitive Development
Infancy
Piaget’s View of the Sensorimotor Period
Challenges to Piaget’s View of Infancy
The Preschool Years
Piaget’s View of the Preoperational Stage
Challenges to Piaget’s View of Early Childhood
Theories of Mind
False Belief and Theory of Mind across Cultures
Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
The School-Aged Child
Piaget’s View of Concrete Operations
Different Approaches to Concrete Operational Thought
Adolescence
Piaget’s View of Formal Operations
Post-Piagetian Work on Adolescent Thought
Development of Information-Processing Skills
Changes in Processing Capacity and Efficiency
Memory Strategies
Metamemory and Metacognition
Expertise
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Elkind’s Adolescent Egocentrism
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Leading Questions and Children’s Memory
7 Cognitive Development II: Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities
Measuring Intellectual Power
The First IQ Tests
Modern IQ Tests
Stability of Test Scores
What IQ Scores Predict
Explaining Individual Differences in IQ Scores
Twin and Adoption Studies
Family Characteristics and IQ Scores
Interventions and IQ Scores
Interactions of Heredity and Environment
Explaining Group Differences in IQ or Achievement Test Scores
Ethnic Differences
Cross-Cultural Differences
Sex Differences
Alternative Views of Intelligence
Information-Processing Theory
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Creativity
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research The Flynn Effect
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Stereotype Threat
8 The Development of Language
Before the First Word: The Prelinguistic Phase
Early Sounds and Gestures
Receptive Language
Learning Words and Word Meanings
The First Words
Later Word Learning
Constraints on Word Learning
Learning the Rules: The Development of Grammar and Pragmatics
Holophrases and First Sentences
The Grammar Explosion
Later Grammar Learning
Pragmatics
Explaining Language Development
Environmental Theories
Nativist Theories
Constructivist Theories
Individual and Group Differences in Language Development
Differences in Rate
Cross-Cultural Differences in Language Development
Learning to Read and Write
The Early Foundation: Phonological Awareness
Becoming Literate in School
Learning a Second Language
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Sign Language and Gestures in Children Who Are Deaf
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world One Language or Two?
PART 5 The Social Child
9 Personality Development: Alternative Views
Defining Personality
Temperament
The Big Five
Genetic and Biological Explanations of Personality
The Biological Argument
Critique of Biological Theories
Learning Explanations of Personality
The Learning Argument
Critique of Learning Models
Psychoanalytic Explanations of Personality
The Psychoanalytic Argument
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Evidence and Applications
Critique of Psychoanalytic Theories
A Possible Synthesis
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Locus of Control and Adolescent Health
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Temperamental Surgency in the Toddler Classroom
10 Concepts of Self, Gender, and Sex Roles
The Concept of Self
The Subjective Self
The Objective Self
The Emotional Self
Self-Concept at School Age
Self-Concept and Identity in Adolescence
Ethnic Identity in Adolescence
Self-Esteem
The Development of Self-Esteem
Consistency of Self-Esteem over Time
The Development of the Concepts of Gender and Sex Roles
Developmental Patterns
Sex-Role Concepts and Stereotypes
Explaining Sex-Role Development
Biological Approaches
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Gender Differences in Temperament: Real or Imagined?
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Adolescent Rites of Passage
11 The Development of Social Relationships
Relationships with Parents
Attachment Theory
The Parent’s Bond to the Child
The Child’s Attachment to the Parent
Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
Variations in the Quality of Attachments
Secure and Insecure Attachments
Temperament and Attachment
Stability and Long-Term Consequences of Attachment Quality
Relationships with Peers
Peer Relationships in Infancy and the Preschool Years
Peer Relationships at School Age
Social Status
Peer Relationships in Adolescence
Sibling Relationships
Behavior with Peers
Prosocial Behavior
Aggression
Trait Aggression
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Bullies and Victims
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Rearing Helpful and Altruistic Children
12 Thinking About Relationships: Social-Cognitive and Moral Development
The Development of Social Cognition
Some General Principles and Issues
Describing Other People
Reading Others' Feelings
Describing Friendships
Understanding Rules and Intentions
Moral Development
Dimensions of Moral Development
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Causes and Consequences of Moral Development
Alternative Views
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research: Preventing Violence by Increasing Children's Emotional Competence
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world: Learning and Unlearning Prejudice
PART 6 The Whole Child
13 The Ecology of Development: The Child within the Family System
Understanding the Family System
Family Systems Theory
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Approach
Dimensions of Family Interaction
Individuals in the Family System
Warmth and Responsiveness
Methods of Control and Communication Patterns
Parenting Styles
Types of Parenting Styles
Parenting Styles and Development
Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Parenting Styles
Family Structure, Divorce, and Parental Employment
Family Structure
Divorce
Parents’ Jobs
Social Support for Parents
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research To Spank or Not to Spank?
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world When Divorce Is Unavoidable
14 Beyond the Family: The Impact of the Broader Culture
Nonparental Care
Difficulties in Studying Nonparental Care
Effects of Early Nonparental Care on Development
Before- and After-School Care
The Impact of Schools
Early Childhood Education
Elementary School
The Transition to Secondary School
Engagement in and Disengagement from Secondary School
Homeschooling
The Impact of Entertainment Media
Television and Video Games
Computers and Electronic Multitasking
Macrosystem Effects: The Impact of the Larger Culture
Socioeconomic Status and Development
Race and Ethnicity
The Culture as a Whole
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research The Effects of Teenaged Employment
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Choosing a Child Care Center
Chapter 15
Atypical Development
Understanding Atypical Development
Types of Problems
Theoretical Perspectives on Atypical Development
Developmental Psychopathology
Attention Problems and Externalizing Problems
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Internalizing Problems
Eating Disorders
Depression
Adolescent Suicide
Atypical Intellectual and Social Development
Mental Retardation
Leanring Disabilities
Giftedness
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Schooling for Atypical Children
THINK CRITICALLY
CONDUCT YOUR OWN RESEARCH
Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Knowing When to Seek Professional Help
Epilogue
Putting It All Together: The Developing Child
Transitions, Consolidations, and Systems
From Birth to 24 Months
Central Processes
Influences on the Basic Processes
The Preschool Years
Central Processes
Influences on the Basic Processes
The Elementary School Years
The Transition between 5 and 7
Central Processes
Influences on the Basic Processes: The Role of Culture
Adolescence
Early and Late Adolescence
Central Processes and Their Connections
Influences on the Basic Processes
A Return to Some Basic Questions
What Are the Major Influences on Development?
Does Timing Matter?
What Is the Nature of Developmental Change?
What Is the Significance of Individual Differences?
A Final Point: The Joy of Development
Glossary
References
Photo Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
